Guide to the Aluminum Company of America Records, 1857-1992, (bulk 1900-1965)

Arrangement

Repository
Heinz History Center
Title
Aluminum Company of America Records
Creator
Aluminum Company of America
Collection Number
MSS#282
Extent
98 linear feet (191 boxes)
Date
1857-1992
Date
1900-1965
Abstract
The Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa), formerly the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, was incorporated in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on September 18, 1888. These records include correspondence, advertisements, annual reports, publications, charts, ledgers, memoranda, minutes and other sundry material.
Language
The material in this collection is in English.
Author
This guide to the collection was originally prepared by Renee Savits, on June 30, 1999. Revisions occurred to the finding aid as a part of the encoding process in Spring 2000.
Sponsor
Processing of additional records in 2015 was made possbile by a NHPRC-funded Documenting Democracy grant.
Publisher
Heinz History Center
Address
1212 Smallman St.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222
library@heinzhistorycenter.org
URL: https://www.heinzhistorycenter.org

History of the Aluminum Company of America 1888-1998

The Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa), formerly the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, was incorporated in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on September 18, 1888. The company was founded by George H. Clapp, Millard Hunsicker, Captain Alfred E. Hunt, Horace W. Lash, W.S. Sample, and Robert J. Scott, who contributed a total of $20,000 in capital. The formation of the company was made possible by a new process of smelting aluminum which was invented by Charles Martin Hall. On February 23, 1886, while working in a woodshed of his kitchen in Oberlin, Ohio, Charles Hall discovered an inexpensive way to smelt aluminum. Previously, aluminum was considered a semiprecious metal because of the expense involved in producing it. The discovery of an inexpensive way to smelt the metal ushered in a new era for aluminum.

The Pittsburgh Reduction Company built its first facility at the 3200 block of Smallman Street in Pittsburgh in 1888. The demand for aluminum was increasing and by September 1890 the Smallman Street Works was turning out 5,000 pounds a month. At the same time, the demand for capital was increasing. The Pittsburgh Reduction Company borrowed money from some Pittsburgh businessmen, such as David L. Gillespie, a prosperous lumber dealer, and William Thaw, of a coke and railroad business family. The company also began what would become a long lasting business relationship with the Pittsburgh banking house of T. Mellon Sons when Charles Hall sold some of his stock to the bank. In 1889 the company increased the capital stock to $1 million. With the development of relations with the banking house of T. Mellon Sons the company became more formally organized. Captain Hunt, in addition to being president, would become general manager. Charles Hall was vice president of technical operations and Arthur Davis became assistant general manager.

In 1891 the company, to allow for expanded production, moved its plant to New Kensington, 17 miles up the Allegheny River. The company began producing cast products (such as teakettles) and aluminum sheeting, as well as raw aluminum and in 1899 it acquired its first bauxite mining rights. The company grew and by 1907 included a reduction operation at Niagara Falls (NY), the Aluminum Cooking Utensil Company (PA), the East St. Louis Works (IL), the Massena Works (NY) , the St. Lawrence River Power Company, and the Massena Terminal Railroad. The company had numerous mines, alumina plants, hydroelectric facilities, aluminum smelters and fabricating facilities, and the Alcoa Technical Center (in Pittsburgh) for laboratory research and development. In 1907 the Pittsburgh Reduction Company changed its name to the Aluminum Company of America.

Starting in the early twentieth century Alcoa began to expand its operations overseas. Between 1920 to 1928 Alcoa set up sales offices and established operations, from ore deposits to fabricating facilities, in Europe as well as Canada and the Caribbean. By 1930 Alcoa had over half the total world capacity in primary aluminum. Alcoa had marketed itself worldwide and aluminum became one of the most versatile and manufactured metals. Aluminum was used in buildings, airplanes, automobiles, furniture, roofing, tube and foil, impact extrusions, rolled structural shapes, electrical transmission, cooking utensils and high-fashion giftware. Additionally, Alcoa owned facilities involved in every aspect of aluminum production, from bauxite mining to hydroelectric power to fabrication plants. By the 1930s Alcoa had established a significant hold over virtually every phrase of the aluminum production which brought it to the attention of the federal government.

Beginning in 1912 Alcoa was involved in an antitrust suit filed by the United States government on the grounds of monopolistic practices involving restrictive covenants with suppliers. From 1922 to 1930 Federal Trade Commission investigations brought further accusations of unfair competition and discrimination. Finally, in 1937, the U.S. Department of Justice filed a complaint charging the company with monopolizing interstate commerce in over fifteen markets and commodities and engaging in conspiracies with foreign producers. The trial lasted thirteen years, including appeals, with the final court decision in 1951 absolving Alcoa of wrongdoing. Two major ramifications of the anti-trust suit were the divestiture of aluminum war plants to Alcoa's competitors and the disposal of common stock holdings in Aluminum Limited by Alcoa's major stockholders. No longer did Alcoa have such complete holdings over the aluminum market that they had enjoyed in previous years.

After 1950 the company continued to thrive and grow. Alcoa produced more consumer goods and developed innovative ways to market aluminum. The company sponsored weekly television shows, developed more home products, such as roofing, windows and aluminum siding, and stretched the limit of aluminum. They developed key marketing strategies such as the "Alcoa Care-Free Home" and "Forecast" programs. In 1952 Alcoa built a new corporate headquarters in Pittsburgh. The company erected a thirty story aluminum building in the center of Pittsburgh's downtown center. It was a technical triumph and architectural masterpiece that enhanced Alcoa's image. In 1962 Alcoa moved into the design of aluminum ends for tin-plate cans in the beer industry. By the end of 1963 the aluminum top had been adopted by most brewers and was used on forty percent of all U.S. beer cans. Alcoa then began construction on producing an all aluminum can. While Alcoa decided not to pursue the business of producing aluminum cans, the company built facilities to manufacture the sheet metal used in the cans. Alcoa's involvement in the aluminum can business also led the way to its involvement in packing of all kinds. Packaging included foil, collapsible tubes, and composite containers for all manner of consumer goods. By the 1980s packaging and containers would produce more revenues for Alcoa than its other major markets in transportation, electrical equipment, and construction combined. Another aspect of aluminum cans and packaging was aluminum recycling. In the 1970s Alcoa followed Reynolds' initiative and began to develop new recycling technologies.

From the 1980 to 1990s Alcoa pursued high-technology businesses on a wide front, from the aerospace industry to military applications. The company also continued its sales in packaging, automobiles, construction, vinyl siding, plastic bottles, and electrical distribution systems for cars and trucks. By 1998 the company included 215 operating locations, 103,500 employees in 31 countries, and revenues over $15 billion. Alcoa's current (1999) president and chief executive officer is Alain J.P. Belda who succeeded Paul H. O'Neill in 1999. In 1998 the company built a $57 million Corporate Center on the Allegheny River in Pittsburgh. Once again Alcoa used technical innovations in achieving this glass and aluminum architectural masterpiece.

Scope and Content Notes

Series have been designated for Alcoa Plants and Subsidiaries; Biographies; Competitors; Employee Records; Financial; Histories of Alcoa; Legal Materials: Case Files; Legal Materials: Working Files; Management; Marketing and Sales; Miscellaneous; Publications: In House; Publications: Library, and Research and Development. These records include correspondence, advertisements, annual reports, publications, charts, ledgers, memoranda, minutes, and other sundry material. The records primarily document the early history of Alcoa and its facilities and the products manufactured by the company between 1890 and 1960. The legal history of the company is well represented within the records, as well as product and employee publications, and managers files. There are very few records related to employees. Items which were separated out because of size were marked on the inventory list and there is an oversized inventory container list.

These records are arranged artificially because the records showed no apparent order at the time of processing. In some cases groups of records were in good order (i.e. publications, managers files). Some records were placed in a particular series because of the original folder headings and nature of the materials. Researchers should note that materials related to many functions and activities of Alcoa may be found in two or more series and their records are in two distinct locations. This occurs most often when dealing with product information and managers' files. Researchers looking for information on research and development should also cross-check various series. (For instance, the original research ledger of Charles Hall is in Series IX: Management while other research information may be found in Series XIV: Research and Development. Similarly, correspondence by Arthur Davis and Charles Hall will be found in many different areas of Series IX: Management, depending upon to whom the letters were addressed.) Therefore cross-checking of subjects, events, or subsidiaries may be necessary to yield all the information on a particular topic. Since this material is described at the folder level, researchers should have little problem finding these links.

Arrangement

Series have been designated for Alcoa Plants and Subsidiaries; Biographies; Competitors; Employee Records; Financial; Histories of Alcoa; Legal Materials: Case Files; Legal Materials: Working Files; Management; Marketing and Sales; Miscellaneous; Publications: In House; Publications: Library; and Research and Development.

The Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) Records are housed in 189 boxes and arranged alphabetically in fourteen series.

Conditions Governing Access

This collection is open for research.

Immediate Source of Acquisition

These materials were received in four accessions.

Acc#1996.070 - Gift of the Aluminum Company of America (Pittsburgh, PA), 1996

Acc#1997.0028 - Gift of the Aluminum Company of America (Pittsburgh, PA), 1997

Acc#2002.0292 - Gift of the Ralph Lund, 2002

Acc#2002.0298 - Gift of the Aluminum Company of America (Pittsburgh, PA), 2002

Preferred Citation

Aluminum Company of America Records, 1857-1992 (bulk 1900-1965), MSS #282, Detre Library and Archives, Heinz History Center.

Processing Information

This collection was processed by Renee Savits on June 30, 1999.

Revision and rearrangement for the encoded version of the finding aid provided by Kimberly A. Tryka on April 19, 2000.

Additions processed by Nick Hartley on August 4, 2015.

Conditions Governing Use

Property rights reside with the Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania. Literary rights are retained by the creators of the records and their heirs. For permissions to reproduce or publish, please contact the curator of the Archives.

Subjects

    Corporate Names

    • Aluminum Company of America.
    • Alcoa.
    • Pittsburgh Reduction Company.
    • Alcoa -- Pennsylvania -- Pittsburgh.
    • Alcoa Building -- Pennsylvania -- Pittsburgh.
    • Alcoa Research Laboratory.
    • Oberlin College (Ohio).

    Personal Names

    • Byrd, Admiral Richard E.
    • Clapp, George H.
    • Davis, Arthur V.
    • Fickes, Edwin.
    • Frary, Francis.
    • Gibbons, John R.
    • Hall, Charles M.
    • Hall, Julia.
    • Hunt, Alfred E., Captain.
    • Hunt, Alfred M.
    • Hunt, Roy.
    • Lindberg, Charles.
    • Lash, Horace W.
    • Mellon, Richard B.
    • Scott, Robert J.

    Geographic Names

    • Pittsburgh (Pa.) -- Industries.

    Other Subjects

    • Advertising -- Aluminum.
    • Aluminum.
    • Aluminum Alloys.
    • Aluminum Construction.
    • Aluminum Industry and Trade.
    • Aluminum Industry and Trade -- Pennsylvania -- Pittsburgh.
    • Aluminum mines and mining.
    • Aluminum Ores.
    • Aluminum Plants.
    • Cookware, Aluminum.
    • Hall-Heroult Process.
    • Idustrial Marketing.
    • Metalwork, Industrial.
    • Metal Sculpture.
    • Research, Industrial -- United States -- History.

Container List