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Guide to the PPG Industries Inc. Ledgers and Photographs 1883-1981

Arrangement

Repository
Heinz History Center
Title
PPG Industries, Inc. Records
Creator
PPG Industries
Collection Number
MSS 667
Extent
33.5 linear feet (23 boxes + O/S)
Date
1794-2008
Abstract
In 1883, Captain John B. Ford and John Pitcairn founded the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company (PPG), a reincorporation of the New York City Plate Glass Company that the two men began in 1880. During this time, Captain Ford visited the Tarentum, Pennsylvania area and found it rich in the natural resources necessary to manufacture glass. With the investment of John Pitcairn, the company's first factory was built in Creighton, Pa., in 1883. The company expanded rapidly during its early years and became the first American firm to successfully compete with European glassmakers who had dominated the American glass market. The PPG Industries, Inc. Records spans from 1794 to 2008 and contains company histories, administrative records, reports, production records, corporate press releases, advertisements, product catalogs, price lists, advertisements, internal newsletters, financial records, photographs, and news clippings relating to the company's production of glass, paint, paint brushes, varnish, other coatings and resins as well as chemicals over time.
Language
The material in this collection is in English, Spanish, and French.
Author
The guide to this collection was written by Alex Toner. Finding aid edited and detailed processing completed by Sierra Green.
Sponsor
This collection has been made accessible as part of an NHPRC-funded processing grant.
Publisher
Heinz History Center
Address
1212 Smallman St.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222
library@heinzhistorycenter.org
URL: https://www.heinzhistorycenter.org

History

In 1883, Captain John B. Ford and John Pitcairn founded the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company (PPG), a reincorporation of the New York City Plate Glass Company that the two men began in 1880. During this time period, Captain Ford visited the Tarentum, Pa. area and found it rich in the natural resources necessary to manufacture glass. Captain Ford also took note of the transportation capabilities and able labor force of the region. With the investment of John Pitcairn, the company's first factory was built in Creighton, Pa., in 1883. The company expanded rapidly during its early years, with Captain Ford overseeing the construction of a second plant in Tarentum that was completed in 1886. Captain Ford journeyed further up the Allegheny River and established another glass plant in an unsettled area forty miles above Pittsburgh on the east bank of the Allegheny River. He christened the town as Ford City, where the Ford City Plate Glass Company began operations in 1888. Two years into its operations, PPG purchased the company, making it Works #3. Another plant in the direct vicinity of this plant was constructed and became known as Works #4. These expansions addressed the demands for plate glass that could not be met by the plants that were in operation at the time. While the Panic of 1893 meant the scaling back of glass manufacturing, PPG continued its expansion by acquiring additional glass plants in Charleroi, Duquesne, Elwood, Kokomo (Ind.), and Crystal City (Mo.). PPG was the first American firm to successfully compete with European glassmakers who had dominated the American glass market.

In 1895, PPG moved its corporate headquarters from Creighton to Pittsburgh, Pa. This same year the company underwent a reorganization that witnessed Edward Ford (son of Captain John Ford) become president and Artemus Pitcairn (brother John Pitcairn) become vice president. By 1896, PPG was operating nine glass plants and two coal mines, with an annual polished plate glass production capacity of 20 million square feet.

Chief among the company's early challenges was the need to successfully and economically distribute its product to customers. To address this, the company began its warehouse distribution system under the direction of PPG's acting sales manager William E. Clause. Clause is credited with controlling costs throughout the early years of the company's operation by establishing this system, which eliminated distributors' fees and gave PPG direct distribution control over its product. Members of the Pitcairn and Ford families debated the feasibility of this business model. John Pitcairn assumed the presidency of PPG after Captain Ford sold his interests in 1899. Under the direction of Pitcairn, PPG adopted the distribution system model, which sparked members of the Ford family to sell their shares in the company. PPG began in 1896 by acquiring seven distributing warehouses and the firm of Heroy and Marrenner of New York City, who were importers of plate, sheet, and crown window glass. In addition, the company also obtained distributing outlets based out of Minneapolis, Chicago, Detroit, St. Louis, Boston, and Cincinnati. PPG later expanded further to St. Paul, Davenport, Philadelphia, Brooklyn, and Cleveland by 1900. These warehouses stored bulk glass produced by the company, which enabled local buyers to inspect products onsite before purchasing. Once ordered, the glass was then cut to size to meet the customer's specifications.

Charles W. "Captain" Brown led up the company's jobbing business, which had expanded to include window glass, art glass, and skylights in addition to polished plate glass. Incoming reports from the warehouse system found that their clients considered glass and paint to be companion products. As a result, Pitcairn and his associates decided that it would be advantageous to expand into the production of paints, varnishes, and brushes. The company bought controlling interest in Patton Paint Co. (Milwaukee, Wis.) in 1900 and also acquired other paint factories in Portland, Los Angeles, Newark, Detroit, and Canada. In 1901, they acquired controlling interest in Rennous, Kleinle and Company (Baltimore, Md.), which manufactured paint brushes. PPG further acquired the Linseed Oil Company and the Thresher Varnish Company of Dayton, Ohio in 1937. This expansion into the paints, varnishes, and brush industries prompted the company to acquire a glass factory located in Courcelles, Belgium. One of the reasons for this acquisition was to keep a close eye on glass manufacturing developments in Europe. With this acquisition, PPG became one of the first American companies to expand production operations into Europe. In 1899, the company contributed interest that led to the founding of Columbia Chemical Company in Barberton, Ohio. This acquisition marked the company's entry into the bulk chemical business, which later became PPG's Chemical Division in 1920. The Columbia Chemical Company produced and supplied soda ash, which was an essential raw material used to produce PPG glass. In addition to soda ash, PPG's Chemical Division also produced chlorine, caustic soda, causticized ash, and laundry sodas. In 1928, PPG further expanded into coatings in its acquisition of the Ditzler Color Company.

In 1905, PPG moved into the window glass industry. The property of Chambers Window Glass Company located in Mount Vernon, Ohio was acquired in 1907. This site was redeveloped in order to reflect the research that PPG had conducted regarding window glass manufacture. In 1905, John Pitcairn stepped down as President of PPG and moved to Chairman of the Board of Directors. W. L. Clause became president, with Captain Charles W. Brown serving as vice president. Around this time, the company began producing Carrara glass at its Charleroi, Pa. plant, which was a white opaque structural glass. By 1916, the company owned and operated 33 distributing warehouses and its capital stock amounted to 25 million dollars. At this time, PPG was the world's largest plate glass manufacturer.

To support and sustain its presence in diverse industries, PPG began Research & Development operations in 1910. The company established its first research facility in Creighton, Pa. During the period of 1922-1924, PPG further developed their glass production process by continuously mixing the raw materials in a tank and successfully implementing the straight-line, conveyor-based ribbon method. Just shortly after, PPG becomes the first company to successfully produce sheet glass via the Pittsburgh Process in 1928.

During World War I, the United States Army conducted research at the Charleroi plant relating to military optical glass. This world conflict also brought about the dramatic curtailment of European exports, which meant increased demand for American-made products. To meet this need, PPG added an Export Department. The war also brought about the nearly total destruction of the company's glass plant in Belgium by fire. This plant was rebuilt, and would later be affected while in a Nazi-occupied zone during World War II until September 1944.

In 1920, PPG consolidated its subsidiary companies under sole corporate ownership, and reorganized Columbia Chemical Co. and Patton Paint Co. into separate chemical and paint divisions within PPG. The company continued to be a pioneer in the glass, chemical, and paint industries throughout the early twentieth century. They expanded into the booming automobile business by producing windshields, as well as manufacturing high-volumes of sheet glass for windows to draw more natural light into suburban homes. They also developed new lacquers and paints to further contribute to the automobile and landscaping industries. In 1934, they developed Solex heat-absorbing glass, which became revolutionary in the construction of skyscrapers and other commercial buildings. In the early 1930s, PPG established itself as a pioneer through its development of electrically-heated and specially-fabricated windshields in the aviation industry. During World War II, PPG factories pivoted to military production, fabricating laminated aircraft windshields, submarine materials, pilots' enclosures and gun turrets, as well as windshields and paints for various military vehicles. Following the conclusion of the war, PPG effectively adapted wartime innovations in aircraft windshields into postwar vehicles. Chief among these adaptations were curved windshields in automobiles.

Seeking to innovate its product offerings in the commercial market, PPG developed Herculite glass. Designed to be installed as department store doors and light fixtures, Herculite is a tempered glass that is reheated and rapidly cooled through a process that results in the glass being three to seven times stronger in addition to being heat resistant.

In 1952, PPG further diversified its production by creating its Fiber Glass Division with production facilities in Shelby, NC and Shelbyville, Ind. The Paint and Brush Divisions were merged into the Paint and Brush Division in 1952. In March 1963, PPG's Paint and Brush Division became the Coatings and Resins Division, in an effort to have the name of the division more accurately reflect the division's production. During this time, PPG had overseen the completion of a new resins plant in Circleville, Ohio.

The company moved to formalize its trade, business and production interests abroad by establishing Pittsburgh Plate Glass International S. A. in 1958. Prior to this, the company established paint production operations in Mexico, operating under the name of Pinturas Pittsburgh de Mexico in 1951. In order to enter the European paint market, PPG acquired a majority stake in Peintures Corona, a paint and resins manufacturer with production facilities in Valenciennes, France in 1962. In 1965, PPG joined with Midland Tar Distillers to establish Pittsburgh-Midland Adhesives, Ltd., which produced and sold adhesives that originated from a PPG production facility in Bloomfield, NJ. This same year, PPG became a major shareholder in Italiana Vernici, a paint and coatings production company located near Milan, Italy. The name of the company was changed to Italver Pittsburgh Paints SpA. Pinco Pittsburgh S. A. reached license agreements with PPG to produce PPG brand coatings and resins in Venezuela in 1967.

In the late 1960s, the company employed approximately 38,100 people, over 6,000 of whom worked in six Research and Development laboratories. As a result of this investment, the company developed a number of products, including the lightweight military armor, bulletproof glass for the presidential limousine, Herculite ceramic glass for kitchen ranges, and glass spheres for naval exploration. Throughout the 1960s, one of the company's major market shares was in the transportation industry, which consisted of equipment manufacturing for the aircrafts, railroads, and automobiles. During this time, PPG collaborated with universities in order to develop safer glass for windshields. Innovation was also reached in the Coatings and Resins Division. An example of this was the development and commercialization of cathodic electrodisposition in 1963, which was a coating method that rendered the body of automobiles much more resistant to rust.

The Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company officially changed its name to PPG industries, Inc., in 1968, signifying the company's commitment to a diverse business model. With the implementation of float glass manufacturing in 1973, PPG began phasing out its production of plate glass. After rolling out the float glass process in its pre-existing plants in Cumberland (Md.) and Crystal City (Mo.), PPG commissioned the construction of a plant in Meadville (Pa.) exclusively designed as a float plant. More economical than plate glass manufacturing, the float glass process established itself as the industry standard for automotive-quality glass. During this time, PPG also becomes one of the first major corporations to develop a flat-plate solar energy collector. PPG further contributes to the solar energy industry by deploying its fiber glass to create more durable wind turbines in the early 2000s.

From 1980-1983, the company administers the construction of PPG Place, its new world headquarters building located in Downtown Pittsburgh. In 1990, PPG develops photochromic lens technology that informs the development of transition lenses. The company's largest acquisition arose in 2008 with the SigmaKalon Group, an international coatings manufacturer. At the time, PPG had a worth of $11 billion.

Beginning in the mid-2000s, PPG began positioning itself to sell off facets of its glass and chemical production holdings. In June 2016, PPG sold its European fiber glass business to Nippon Electric Glass. Between July and October 2016, PPG sold its flat glass operations to Vitro S.A.B. de C.V. for 750 million dollars. This sale marked a transition away from the company's identity as a glass and chemical manufacturer to a global paint and coatings supplier. In October 2016, the company purchased the naming rights for the former Consol Energy Center, primarily known as the home facility for the Pittsburgh Penguins. This facility became known as PPG Paints Arena.

In 2017, Pittsburgh-based PPG is a global supplier of paints, coatings, optical products, specialty materials, and chemicals. The company has more than 140 manufacturing facilities and operates in more than 60 countries

Scope and Content Notes

The PPG Industries, Inc. Records spans from 1794 to 2008 and contains company histories, administrative records, reports, production records, corporate press releases, advertisements, product catalogs, price lists, advertisements, internal newsletters, financial records, photographs, and news clippings relating to the company's production of glass, paint, paint brushes, varnish, other coatings and resins as well as chemicals over time. This collection consists of records that document the early history of PPG as the first commercially-successful glass production company in the United States. Worthy of note are those records pertaining to the early manufacturing of glass, which consist of raw materials logs, financial ledgers, correspondence, as well as a scrapbook. In addition, numerous records in this collection also relate to the company's early expansion into the paints, coatings, resins, and chemical industries. Among the collection's strengths is a series of microfilmed press releases (1943-1995) that reflect new product announcements, new executive and employee introductions, transcripts of speeches delivered by company executives, copies of professional articles published in technical journals, as well as acquisitions and mergers.

The PPG Industries, Inc. Records are arranged into seven series, 15 subseries, and five sub-subseries. The series are as follows: Administrative, Public Relations and Sales, Chemical Division, Coatings and Resins Division, Glass Division, Photographs, Color Slides, and Negatives, as well as Oversize Materials. The records in this collection were arranged to reflect the company's production of chemicals, coatings and resins, as well as glass over time.

Arrangement

Series I: Administrative Records (1883-2000)

Series II: Public Relations and Sales Records (1918-1995)

Series III: Chemical Division Records (c1912-1956)

Series IV: Coatings and Resins Division Records (1864-1977)

Subseries 1: Administrative Records (1908-1977)

Subseries 2: Public Relations and Sales Records (c1900-1976)

Subseries 3: Patton Paint Company and Pitcairn Varnish Company Milwaukee Records (1908-1956)

Subseries 4: Coatings and Resins Division Newark Records (1864-1971)

Subseries 5: Thresher Paint and Varnish Co. Records (1937-1977)

Subseries 6: Coatings and Resins Division International Records (1920-1977)

Series V: Glass Division (1794-1978)

Subseries 1: Administrative Records (1794-1967)

Subseries 2: Production Records (1899-1946)

Subseries 3: Public Relations and Sales Records (1859-1964)

Subseries 4: PPG Works #9, Crystal City Mo. Glass Plant Records (1845-1978)

Series VI. Photographs, Color Slides, and Negatives (1890-1998)

Subseries 1. Public Relations Photographs (1904-1975)

Subseries 2. Coatings and Resins Division Photographs (c1902-1977)

Subseries 3. Color Slides and Negatives (1890-1998)

Sub-subseries I. Public Relations Nitrate Negatives (undated)

Sub-subseries II. Public Relations Acetate Negatives (c1916-1948, undated)

Sub-subseries III. PPG Place Construction Color Slides and Negatives (c1980-1984)

Sub-subseries IV. Coatings and Resins Division Color Slides and Negatives (1890-1985)

Sub-subseries V. Assorted Color Slides and Negatives (1912-1998)

Series VII. Oversize Materials (c1877-2008)

Conditions Governing Access

The folder "H.W. Johns Co. color cards, history, correspondence, and Photographs" (Box 8, Folder 14) contains asbestos paint and is restricted from use. This folder has been separated from the records.

Immediate Source of Acquisition

Gift from PPG Industries and David Green in 1989, 2000, 2009, and 2013.

Archives accession # 1989.0109, 2000.0137, 2009.0090 and 2013.0057.

Preferred Citation

PPG Industries Inc. Records, 1794-2008, MSS 667, Detre Library and Archives, Senator John Heinz History Center.

Processing Information

Preliminary processing by Alex Toner on 12/2/11. Finding aid revised and detailed processing completed by Sierra Green on 5/25/17.

Conditions Governing Use

Property rights reside with the Senator John Heinz History Center. Literary rights are retained by the creators of the records and their heirs. For permission to reproduce or publish, please contact the Library and Archives of the Senator John Heinz History Center.

Related Materials

Alexandrowicz, Stephen J. "The Market Street sites : a Study in Historical Urban Archaeology," 1983, MFF 2321, Detre Library and Archives, Heinz History Center.

Bright, Joyce. The Magic of Color. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, c1934. NK 2115.5 .C6 B75 1934.

Cass Plumbing & Heating Company Inc. et al vs. PPG Industries records, 1978-1983, 2011.0306, Detre Library and Archives, Heinz History Center.

A Catalog of Horseshoe Brand Brushes. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, 1924. TS 2301 .B8 P4 1924.

Catalogue A: Glass, Paints, Oils and Painters' Sundries. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, 1902. TH 8203 .P69 1902.

Consolidated Glass catalog for lamps and magic lantern slide of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass, Tarentum Works interior, c1910, 1999.0147, Detre Library and Archives, Heinz History Center.

Ernsberger, Fred. Polarized Light in Glass Research. Pittsburgh, Pa.: PPG Industries Glass Research Center, 1970. TP 858 E.7

Glass for Modern Needs: Engineering Data. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, 1956. TP 860 .P69 G5 1956 q.

Glass: History, Manufacture and Its Universal Application. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, 1923. TP 853 .P69 G4 1923 f.

Glass, Paints, Varnishes and Brushes: Their History, Manufacture and Use. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, 1923. TP 853 .P69 P695 f.

George A. Ratz Photographs, 1979-1985, PSS 55, Detre Library and Archives, Heinz History Center.

How to give your home glamour with glass. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, 1950. TP 853 .P69 P695 1958 long.

The Miracle of Glass: Its Glorious Past, Its Thrilling Present, Its Miraculous Future, as Presented at Glass Center, New York World's Fair. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, c1939. TP 865 .N567.

Paints, Vanishes, and Brushes: Their History, Manufacture and Use. Painters, Paperhangers, and Glazier Supplies. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, 1923. TP 853 .P69 P696 1923 f.

Pittsburgh Color Dynamics for Hospitals and Institutions. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., 1950. TT 323 .P57 1950 q.

Pittsburgh Paint Products: Sundries and Supplies, Paint Department Catalog No. 3904. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, 1940. TH 8203 .P69 1940 q.

Pittsburgh Plate Glass History and Centennial Celebration Envelope, MFF 1599, Detre Library and Archives, Heinz History Center.

PPG Glass Manual. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, 1946. TP 853 .P69 G549 1946 f

PPG Industries annual reports, 1975-1978, 1981, 1983-1985, 1987, 1990-1991, 1993-1994, 1996, 2001-2007. Detre Library and Archives, Heinz History Center.

PPG Industries Image Library. http://ppg.visiblebyte.com/cgi-bin/ImageFolio42/imageFolio.cgi

PPG People. Pittsburgh, Pa.: 1940-1958. Detre Library and Archives, Heinz History Center.

Price List of French Looking-Glass Plates Only. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, 1890. NK 5199 .P57 P6 1890 q.

"Revised" International Art Glass Catalog Domestic: Showing Designs of Figure Windows and Special Designs of Ornamental Windows in the Different Styles in Vogue at the Present Time. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, 1924. NK 5199 .P65 R4 1924 q

The Romance of Glass. Pittsburgh, Pa.: PPG Industries, 1972. TP853 .P695 R758 q.

Towle, H. Ledyard. Styling with Color. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, c1939. NK 2115.5 .C6 S7 1939 long.

Tarentum Works of Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company Stereoscopic Photographs, 1908, 1998.0116, Detre Library and Archives, Heinz History Center.

Winifred Miller Campbell Davidson Papers and Photographs, 1906-1964, MSS 615, Detre Library and Archives, Heinz History Center.

Subjects

    Corporate Names

    • Patton Paint Company (Milwaukee, Wis.)
    • Columbia Chemical Company (Barberton, Ohio)
    • PPG Industries, Inc. (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
    • Ditzler Color Company (Detroit, Mich.)
    • Pitcairn Varnish Company (Newark, NJ)
    • Vreeland Chemical Manufacturing Company (South Plainfield, NJ)
    • Rennous-Kleinle & Company (Baltimore, Md.)
    • Thresher Paint and Varnish Company (Dayton, Ohio)
    • Canadian Pittsburgh Industries, Ltd.
    • Columbia-Southern Chemical Corporation (Corpus Christi, Texas)
    • PPG Place (Pittsburgh, Pa.)

    Personal Names

    • Pitcairn, John
    • Ford, Captain John B.
    • Brown, Captain C. W.
    • Larson, E. C.

    Geographic Names

    • Barberton (Ohio)
    • Creighton (Pa.)
    • Corpus Christi (Texas)
    • Crystal City (Mo.)
    • Henryetta (Okla.)
    • Minneapolis (Minn.)
    • Mount Vernon (Ohio)
    • Pittsburgh (Pa.)

    Other Subjects

    • Glass trade
    • Glass manufacture
    • Glass fiber industry
    • Chemical industry
    • Paint industry and trade
    • Varnish industry
    • Paint shops
    • Glassworkers
    • Glass manufacture--Pennsylvania--Ford City
    • Automotive industries
    • Glass manufacture--Missouri--Crystal City
    • World War, 1939-1945
    • Glass manufacture--Pennsylvania—Tarentum
    • Glassworkers—Pennsylvania
    • Glass blowing and working
    • Mirrors
    • Glass manufacture--Ohio-- Mt. Vernon

Container List